The EU Commissioner for Transport Violeta Bulc writes on Linkedin: "Overall external transport costs are estimated at around EUR 1,000 billion per year, almost 7% of EU GDP. I was stunned the first time that I saw these figures.

Many of you may have noticed that the figures are significantly higher for most categories than in previous estimates. This is because methods for measuring external costs have advanced and the simple fact is that real-life emissions have gone up."
"In order to make the right policy choices in this area, we need reliable and comprehensive data.
The study’s scope is much broader and also more detailed than any work previously done in this area: it covers all transport modes and looks at infrastructure costs as well as external costs. And importantly, it compares costs with relevant taxes and charges. The study covers all 28 EU Member States and certain third countries."


"EU Transport Commissioner Violeta Bulc has said motorists should start to pay a great deal more to mitigate the damage they cause to the environment and for the lives lost on roads. These so-called “negative externalities” are currently paid by every European taxpayer via general taxation but Bulc said the EU should move to a “polluter pays” model." reports Forbes.

A part of these costs are related to emissions of PM10 and PM2,5 particulate. This appears, based on recent research, to be essentially the same for electric vehicles  and internal combustion vehicles at parity of service.
And to be proportional to the weight of the vehicle.
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